To describe the spatial patterns of diversity in the AF, we synthesized the distribution of taxonomic diversity by integrating data from producers and consumers. We summarized broad patterns of endemism and turnover at the species and lineage levels. To advance diversity prediction, we are integrated data on the ecological mechanisms acting on the AF flora and fauna (the functional dimension of diversity) with dynamic climatic models that described variability of precipitation and temperature during the last six glacial- interglacial cycles. These models were informed by paleoclimatological studies, including our pollen fossil and speleothem records.

Through validated Approximate Bayesian Computation methods, we also used genetic, UCE, and RAD-Seq genomic diversity data from our multiple target taxa to statistically test the fit of the aggregate population histories to the inferred time-calibrated landscape shifts and demographic processes. These models allowed predictions of loss and gain of diversity under future environmental conditions.